Sensory SystemsSensory Systems0235-00923034-5936Russian Academy of Science10.31857/S0235009224020033Insect ocelli: ecology, physiology, and morphology of the accessory visual systemОцелли насекомых: экология, физиология, морфология вспомогательной зрительной системыZhukovskayaM. I.ЖуковскаяМ. И. mzhukovskaya@rambler.ruИнститут эволюционной физиологии и биохимии им. И.М. Сеченова Российской академии наукSechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences150620243823553

The peripheral photoreceptor system of adult insects and insect larvae of hemimetabolous insects consists of a pair of compound facet eyes and several simple chamber eyes, the ocelli. The origin of the ocelli is attributed to the simple eyes of crustacean larvae; the ocelli, along with the compound eyes, present the basic plan of the photosensitive system of insects. The evolution of these light-sensitive organs is closely related to flight, allowing to maintain the position of the body in relation to the horizon, they have high sensitivity and fast signal processing, which is critical for small animals easily carried away by air currents. In low light conditions, ocelli increase in size and in some cases also increase light sensitivity through light-reflecting tapetum, loss of polarization sensitivity and color separation. When light intensity is reduced below a critical level, such as in cave dwellers, ocelli disappear. In actively moving diurnal insects, ocelli can acquire polarization sensitivity, features of object vision, and several, mostly two, spectral types of photoreceptors. The high speed of the ocellar visual system is ensured by a small number of synaptic connections projecting to motor circuits.

Периферическая фоторецепторная система взрослых насекомых и личинок насекомых с неполным превращением состоит из пары сложных фасеточных глаз и нескольких простых камерных глазков-оцеллей. Происхождение оцеллей связывают с простыми глазками личинок ракообразных; оцелли, наряду со сложными глазами, составляют базовый план фоточувствительной системы насекомых. Развитие этих светочувствительных органов тесно связано с полетом, позволяя поддерживать положение тела по отношению к горизонту. Они обладают большой чувствительностью и быстродействием, что критично для мелких особей, легко сносимых воздушными потоками. У видов насекомых, перешедших к жизни в условиях низкой освещенности, оцелли увеличиваются в размерах, а также могут усиливать светочувствительность за счет светоотражающего тапетума, потери поляризационной чувствительности и цветоразличения. При снижении интенсивности света ниже критического уровня, например при обитании в пещерах, оцелли исчезают. У активно двигающихся дневных насекомых оцелли могут приобретать поляризационную чувствительность, черты предметного зрения и несколько (обычно два) спектральных типов фоторецепторов. Высокое быстродействие оцеллярной зрительной системы обеспечивается малым числом синаптических переключений и прямыми связями с эффекторными нервными цепями.

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